ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) among young adults in Malaysia has witnessed a notable increase in recent years, giving rise to concerns regarding the potential adverse health effects, including obesity and diabetes. Despite the urgent need for targeted interventions, there is a dearth of research examining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to SSBs among Malaysian young adults. To address this research gap, the present study aims to assess the level of KAP concerning SSB intake and its associated factors in this specific population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 408 Malaysian young adults aged between 15 and 29 years. Respondents completed an online questionnaire survey, which encompassed the assessment of socio-demographic characteristics and KAP regarding SSB consumption. The collected data were analyzed using IBM’s Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Spearman correlation tests were performed at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The majority of respondents demonstrated moderate knowledge (60%) and practices (60%), while exhibiting a high positive attitude (100%) towards reducing SSB consumption. Significant correlations were observed between knowledge and attitude (p = 0.003, rs = 0.148) and between knowledge and practice (p = 0.005, rs = 0.138). Moreover, the attitude scores were found to be significantly associated with gender (χ2 (1, N = 408) = 10.421, p = 0.001) and locality (χ2 (1, N = 408) = 4.106, p = 0.043), while the practice scores exhibited a significant association with ethnicity (p = 0.006). Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between KAP related to SSB consumption and socio-demographic factors among Malaysian young adults. The findings underscore the importance of utilizing these insights to develop strategic interventions that aim to curtail SSB consumption and promote a healthy lifestyle, ultimately contributing to the reduction of non-communicable diseases. Health authorities are encouraged to capitalize on these findings to design targeted interventions tailored to the unique needs and circumstances of this population.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Birds are among the best bio-indicators, which can guide us to recognize some of the main conservation concerns in ecosystems. Anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation, habitat degradation, modification of landscapes, and decreased quality of habitats are major threats to bird diversity. The present study was designed to detect anthropogenic causative agents that act on waterbird diversity in Tarbella Dam, Indus River, Pakistan. Waterbird censuses were carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 in multiple areas around the dam. A total of 2990 waterbirds representing 63 species were recorded. We detected the highest waterbird richness and diversity at Pehure whereas the highest density was recorded at Kabbal. Human activity impacts seemed to be the main factor determining the waterbird communities as waterbirds were negatively correlated with the greatest anthropogenic impacts. Waterbirds seem to respond rapidly to human disturbance.
Resumo As aves estão entre os melhores bioindicadores, o que pode nos orientar a reconhecer algumas das principais preocupações de conservação dos ecossistemas. Impactos antrópicos como desmatamento, degradação de habitat, modificação de paisagens e diminuição da qualidade dos habitats são as principais ameaças à diversidade de aves. O presente estudo foi desenhado para detectar agentes causadores antropogênicos que atuam na diversidade de aves aquáticas na Represa de Tarbella, rio Indus, Paquistão. Censos de aves aquáticas foram realizados de março de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020 em várias áreas ao redor da barragem. Um total de 2.990 aves aquáticas representando 63 espécies foi registrado. Detectamos a maior riqueza e diversidade de aves aquáticas em Pehure, enquanto a maior densidade foi registrada em Kabbal. Os impactos da atividade humana parecem ser o principal fator determinante das comunidades de aves aquáticas, uma vez que as aves aquáticas foram negativamente correlacionadas com os maiores impactos antrópicos. As aves aquáticas parecem responder rapidamente às perturbações humanas.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Birds are among the best bio-indicators, which can guide us to recognize some of the main conservation concerns in ecosystems. Anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation, habitat degradation, modification of landscapes, and decreased quality of habitats are major threats to bird diversity. The present study was designed to detect anthropogenic causative agents that act on waterbird diversity in Tarbella Dam, Indus River, Pakistan. Waterbird censuses were carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 in multiple areas around the dam. A total of 2990 waterbirds representing 63 species were recorded. We detected the highest waterbird richness and diversity at Pehure whereas the highest density was recorded at Kabbal. Human activity impacts seemed to be the main factor determining the waterbird communities as waterbirds were negatively correlated with the greatest anthropogenic impacts. Waterbirds seem to respond rapidly to human disturbance.
Resumo As aves estão entre os melhores bioindicadores, o que pode nos orientar a reconhecer algumas das principais preocupações de conservação dos ecossistemas. Impactos antrópicos como desmatamento, degradação de habitat, modificação de paisagens e diminuição da qualidade dos habitats são as principais ameaças à diversidade de aves. O presente estudo foi desenhado para detectar agentes causadores antropogênicos que atuam na diversidade de aves aquáticas na Represa de Tarbella, rio Indus, Paquistão. Censos de aves aquáticas foram realizados de março de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020 em várias áreas ao redor da barragem. Um total de 2.990 aves aquáticas representando 63 espécies foi registrado. Detectamos a maior riqueza e diversidade de aves aquáticas em Pehure, enquanto a maior densidade foi registrada em Kabbal. Os impactos da atividade humana parecem ser o principal fator determinante das comunidades de aves aquáticas, uma vez que as aves aquáticas foram negativamente correlacionadas com os maiores impactos antrópicos. As aves aquáticas parecem responder rapidamente às perturbações humanas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ecosystem , Rivers , Pakistan , Conservation of Natural ResourcesABSTRACT
Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate the beneficial synergistic effects of S-allyl Cysteine (SAC) and Taurine (TAU) on hyperglycemia, lipid profile and renal damage markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats. Experimental T2DM was developed by administering an intraperitoneal single dose of nicotinamide (NA; 230 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/ kg) in adult rats. Control and diabetic rats were treated with SAC (150 mg/kg); TAU (200 mg/ kg) or SAC and TAU (75+100 mg/kg) combination for four weeks. Measurements of traditional markers of kidney toxicity in serum, such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), together with serum cholesterol/triglyceride such as serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) may yield a snapshot of renal damage and lipid profile in NA/STZ-treated rats. The variation in levels of fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin and lipid profile was significantly augmented in SAC/TAU treatment group. The diabetic group showed elevated renal injury markers in serum, which were decreased significantly by SAC/TAU treatment. Thus the results of the experiment clearly indicate the potential of the SAC/TAU combination in improving diabetic complications.
ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: The movement and steadiness of the shoulder joint is due to both the dynamic and static stabilisers. Recurrent anterior shoulder instability is common due to the Bankart lesion or the Hill Sachs lesion. The bone loss and soft tissue failure due to these lesions causing instability is well compensated by Latarjet procedure which acts by triple blocking effect of the bone graft, the sling effect of the conjoint tendon of subscapularis and the ligament of the coracoacromial ligament stump. Materials and methods: Middle-aged patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation and a mid-range instability on clinical assessment with an isolated glenoid bone loss of 20% or Bankart lesion with engaging Hill Sachs lesion were selected for the study. The surgical procedure included a subscapularis split to expose the glenoid. The coracoid graft harvested was prefixed with Kirschner wires and placed flush over the glenoid ensuring no medial or lateral overhang and fixed with 4.0mm cancellous screws with the washer. The functional outcome was measured with the ROWE score and ASES score and the movements were evaluated. Results: A total of 24 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Post-operatively at final follow-up, the mean ROWE score was 97.08 ±8.45 and the mean ASES score was 94.4±9.10. One patient had screw breakage as a complication and another had restriction of movement which was managed with physiotherapy. Conclusion: Open Latarjet is an effective procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder instability in non-athletic middleaged patients as a excellent functional outcome was achieved with this technique. We therefore recommend open Latarjet as an alternative to arthroscopic treatment in developing countries where patient affordability and the availability of the resources are the issues.
ABSTRACT
Lavender is well-known for its essential oils, which are in high demand and have a very important economicinterest, particularly for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This work had been done to study seedgermination and in vitro culture of Lavandula angustifolia. The seeds of L. angustifolia had undergonea vernalization followed by two treatments (physical and chemical), in order to increase the percentage ofgermination. Seeds were introduced into tubes containing the culture medium Murashige et Skoog (MS).Untreated seeds were germinated in the same medium supplemented with gibberellic acid at differentconcentrations. The kinetics, the speed, and the final germination rate were retained in order to evaluate theresponse of seeds. The micropropagation of L. angustifolia was performed on MS medium supplemented withdifferent concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (Treatment I) and 6-Benzylaminopurine in combination withNaphthalene Acetic Acid (Treatment II). Multiplication rate, shoots number, nodes number, leaves number, andstem length were determined. Lavandula angustifolia seeds revealed very low germination percentages for allthe treatments used. However, those treated with sand (physical treatment) showed the highest percentage ofgermination (22%) followed by sulfuric acid treatment with a percentage of 14%. Results showed that the 11.11μM concentration of 6-Benzylaminopurine favored the maximum reactivity of the explants. The combinationbetween 6-Benzylaminopurine and Naphthalene Acetic Acid showed that MS supplemented with 8.88 μM6-Benzylaminopurine and 2.68 μM Naphthalene Acetic Acid was the most effective in the development ofvitroplants.
ABSTRACT
Background: Over the last two decades, there has been increased awareness that hypertension in children may be a part of the spectrum of essential hypertension mainly linked to obesity epidemic. An increasing number of children and adolescents are being diagnosed with hypertension. Objectives of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension among apparently healthy school children residing in the valley of Kashmir.Methods: It was a community based cross sectional study was done over a period of one year in School going children aged 11 to 16 years from both urban and rural areas of Kashmir valley.Results: Thus, prevalence of hypertension was 5.1% and prevalence of prehypertension was 9.3%. Out of total 1600 children 1464 (91.5%) had a normal BMI, 72 (4.5%) were overweight and 64 (4%) were obese. In the prehypertensive group 114 (77%) had normal BMI, 18 (12.16%) were overweight and 16 (10.8%) were obese. In the hypertensive group 30 (36.6%) had normal BMI, 26 (31.7%) were overweight and 26 (31.7%) were obese.Conclusions: Our study reveals that hypertension is not uncommon in Kashmiri children. With globalization bringing more lifestyle modifications, children are exposed to multiple risk factors including obesity and family history of hypertension. We need to make people aware of these facts so that blood pressure measurement could be a part of routine health care check-up in children to detect it early and do necessary interventions.
ABSTRACT
Present work seeks to investigate the biochemical parameters in terms of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of hydro-methanolic roots extract [HyMREt] of Rauwolfia serpentina in type 1 [alloxan induced] diabetic mice. Animals were divided into seven groups, four control groups, and three were test groups [HyMREt at 50, 100, and 150mg/kg]. Each treatment was repeated for 14 days regularly in all seven respective groups and afterwards the body weights, fasting blood glucose [FBG], insulin, and serum lipid levels were determined. Total body weights of diabetic mice treated with HyMREt extract were dose dependently [p
ABSTRACT
Pregnancy is a special state which is related to emotional and physiological changes of different parts of the body including oral cavity. Gingival and periodontal changes during pregnancy have been well-documented. Hormonal changes due to fluctuations in levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body during pregnancy make the woman more susceptible to oral infections and gum diseases and these dental problems not only affect expectant mothers but also the developing baby. A cluster sampling technique was used and 200 pregnant women attending department of obstetrics and gynecology, Baqai Hospital, Nazimabad and Fatima Hospital, Baqai Medical University were recruited. The age of the women ranged from 18 to 35 years. The sample size was calculated by taking 85% prevalence rate and computed using Open Epi [version 3.01] at 95%confidence interval and a=5%. Data were entered and analyzed by IBM SPSS version 22. Mean and standard deviation were assessed and independent t test was done to find out the mean DMFT amongst urban and rural areas. Chi square test was done to compare the frequencies between two groups. The burden of dental caries amongst rural and urban pregnant women was reported high with a rural prevalence of 56.7% and 43.3% of urban pregnant women. 71.4% of urban pregnant women reported with bleeding gums and 28.6% of rural pregnant women. The present study concluded that dental caries was prevalent in rural locality and gingivitis in urban locality
ABSTRACT
Celiac disease is a chronic dysentery of the small bowel enteropathy secondary to the ingestion of gluten, in genetically predisposed subjects. The diagnosis is based on the combination of clinical, serological and histological criteria. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the pathological and serological correlation in a pediatric celiac population
ABSTRACT
Background: The aim of study was to to assess respiratory indices in underweight and overweight young group (subcategory) and compare the same with normal weight controls (in the age group of 18 to 30 years). Methods: In the present study 210 subjects were included, aged between 18 yrs-30 yrs after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The groups (n=210, case= 132 and control= 78) are divided into group A, B, C, D, E and F respectively each having 21, 78, 40. 35, 29 and 7 subjects on the basis Of international classification of BMI. Results: In our study mean predicted value of FEV1/FVC ratio in group A 84.02±31.24(underweight), group C 86.83±29.46(pre-obese), group D 92.10±13.31(obese class 1),group 93.72±9.49 ( obese class 2) and group F191.02±22.24( obese class 3), when compared to control group B 87.95±26.77 was found to be decreased in group A and increased in other obese group , but it was within normal range in all groups and no statistical difference found between different groups (P value>0.05). Conclusion: After analyzing the data, we did not observe any statistically significant difference in FEV1/FVC between the control and underweight and overweight group.
ABSTRACT
Globally recognized antihypertensive phytomedicine Rauwolfia serpentina Benth is also well-known for its diversified ethno-medicinal usefulness. The objective of present study is to evaluate the effect of methanolic root extract (MREt) of R. serpentina on atherogenic dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis and glycosylation indices in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic mice. After the single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg), forty two mice were allocated into diabetic control (1 ml distilled water), negative control (0.05% DMSO 1 ml/kg), positive control (5 mg/kg glibencalmide) and three test dose groups (MREt 10, 30 & 60 mg/kg). Normal control (1ml distilled water) was also used. After 14 days of respective treatments, fasting blood glucose, insulin, haemoglobin (Hb), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHOL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels were determined. Wet organ weight, relative weight, percent change in glycosylation and non-HDL-c level was also determined. MREt maintained the wet organ and relative weight, as did not produce any harmful changes in kidney, liver, spleen and heart. Significant reduction in percent glycosylation was observed from -37.35 to -48% in all test groups. Upto two fold significant (p< 0.0001) decrease in atherogenic (AI) and arteriosclerotic (ArtI) indices, while improvements in atherogenic dyslipidemia ratio (ADR) were also observed in all test groups. Significantly (p< 0.0001) lowered level of non-HDL-c and glucose to lipid profile ratios were estimated in all test groups. The obtained results indicated the therapeutic potential of MREt in lowering the risk of atherogenic dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis and glycosylation in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
ABSTRACT
Nicotine withdrawal is not a well recognized cause of delirium. A few published cases are on post-operative, terminally ill cancer or neuro-intensive care unit patients. Because of the high incidence of morbidity and mortality of delirium it is important to identify and treat delirium promptly and effectively. We report a case of delirium after sudden cessation of smoking in a heavy smoker, with schizophrenia, hospitalized for stabilization of psychiatric illness
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Nicotine , Smoking Cessation , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome , SchizophreniaABSTRACT
The purpose of developing [Sepsis Guidelines for Pakistan] [SGP] is to provide clinicians practicing in local hospitals with a framework to aid timely recognition and management of adult patients in sepsis by adopting evidence-based recommendations of Surviving Sepsis Campaign [SSC] tailored to available resources. These recommendations are not meant to replace the SSC Guidelines. SGP is an initiative of Pakistan Society of Critical Care Medicine [PSCCM]. Four key decision points to be addressed in the guidelines were identified by a thirteen member multidisciplinary committeei.e., grading the hospitals in the country, recognition of sepsis and associated organ dysfunction, essential interventions to manage sepsis, and general measures for provision of a comprehensive care to patients in sepsis according to the level of education and training of healthcare providers and facilities and resources available in different levels of hospitals. The draft was presented at the 3[rd] Sepsis Symposium held on13[th] September, 2014 in Karachi. The final document was approved by a panel of experts from across the country, representatives of relevant societies and Global Sepsis Alliance [GSA]. Hospitals are divided into basic, intermediate and tertiary depending on the availability of diagnostic facilities and training of the medical personnel. Modified definitions of sepsis,severe sepsis, and septic shock are used given the lack of facilities to diagnose sepsis according to international definitions and criteria in Pakistan. Essential interventions include fluid resuscitation,vasopressors to support the circulation, maintaining oxygen saturation >/= 90% with oxygen, non-invasive ventilation or mechanical ventilation with lung protective strategies, prompt administration of antibiotics as recommended by the Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society of Pakistan [MMIDSP] and early source control. It is recommended to avoid starvation, keep an upper blood glucose 7.20, avoid fresh frozen plasma in the absence of bleeding, transfuse platelets if indicated, not use intravenous immunoglobulins and avoid neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] in the absence of ARDS, target specific titration endpoints when continuous or intermittent sedation is required in mechanically ventilated patients and use continuous renal replacement therapy [CRRT] to facilitate management of fluid balance in hemodynamically unstable septic patients in tertiary care centers. In addition a comprehensive, meticulous and multidisciplinary general care is required to improve outcome of sepsis by reinforcing hand hygiene and other infection control measures, adequate monitoring and documentation tailored to the available resources. Goals of care and prognosis should be discussed with patients and families early and either shifting the patient to a hospital with better facilities or limiting or withdrawing therapy in case of poor prognosis should be considered
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Shock, Septic , Hypotension , Disease ManagementABSTRACT
Pre- and post-radiation therapy [RT] effects on prostate histology have not been rigorously studied, but there appears to be a correlation between escalating radiation dosage and increasing post-RT histologic changes. Despite this dose-response relationship, radiation-induced changes may be heterogenous among different patients and even within a single tumor. When assessing residual tumor it is important to understand biopsy evaluation in the post-RT setting. We present the case of a poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma following proton beam RT in a 45-year-old man with pre-RT Gleason 4 + 3 = 7 disease diagnosed in the setting of an elevated serum prostate-specific antigen level
ABSTRACT
Background: The major cardiovascular risk factors i.e. smoking, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia; person having only one of these risk factors show a 2-4 times increase in the incidence of coronary heart disease. Studied have also shown the beneficial effect of smoking cessation on the serum lipids, mainly HDL cholesterol. The risk of coronary artery disease reverts rapidly after cessation of smoking. Material and method:-Present study is conducted to reveal the effect of smoking on the lipid profile in male subject. The cross-sectional study was done in 60 male subjects age ranging from 30 to 45 years. The subjects were divided into control group (n=30) and study group i.e. smokers (n=30). All subjects were belongs from either social class 2 or 3 according to Modified Prasad’s social classification. About 5 ml of venous blood will be obtained after 10-12 hours of fasting and analysis of lipid profile was done. Result: Total Cholesterol, Total Triglycerides, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL-Cholesterol), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL- Cholesterol) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL-Cholesterol) will be calculated by Friedwald and Friedrickson formula. There is significant difference in lipid profile parameter of control and smokers. The Total Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol ,VLDL-Cholesterol of control and smokers are respectively, which is increase significantly (p<0.05) in smokers then control. The HDL-Cholesterol of control and smokers is decrease significantly (p<0.05) in smokers then control. Conclusion: Hence we concluded that strict measures should be taken up to control the prevalence of the habits of smoking and preventing the risk factor for cardio vascular diseases, hypertension etc.
ABSTRACT
Stress is defined as a non specific response of body to any physiological and psychological demand. Preclinical studies have shown that an uncontrollable stress condition produces neurochemical and behavioral deficits
The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that a decrease in the responsiveness of somatodendritic 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]-lA receptors following adaptation to stress could attenuate haloperidol induced acute like effect. Results showed that single exposure [2h] to immobilization stress markedly decreased food intake, growth rate and locomotor activity but these stress-induced behavioral deficits were not observed following repeated [2h/day for 5 days] exposure of immobilization stress suggesting behavioral tolerance occurs to similar stress
An important finding of present study is a reversal of haloperidol-induced motor deficits in animals exposed to repeated immobilization stress than respective control animals. It is suggested that stress induced possible desensitization of matodendritic 5-HT-1A as well as 5-HT-2C receptors could release dopamine system from the inhibitory influence of >erotonin. On the other hand, an increase in the effectiveness of postsynaptic 5-HT-1A receptors elicits a direct stimulatory influence on the activity of dopaminergic neuron and is possibly involved in the reversal of haloperidol-induced parkinsonian like symptoms in repeatedly immobilized rats
ABSTRACT
Paraneoplastic pemphigus is a rare dermatologic condition that can occur as a paraneoplastic manifestation of lymphoproliferative disorders, visceral malignancies, Castleman disease and thymomas. In a pediatric age group paraneoplastic pemphigus has a striking association with Castleman disease and has a particularly poor prognosis in this age group. We describe a case of paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with retroperitoneal hyaline vascular variant of Castleman disease with a fatal outcome despite aggressive management
ABSTRACT
Los esteroides inhalados son la base del tratamiento del asma bronquial en niños. El crecimiento infantil es el parámetro más sensible a los efectos adversos de los esteroides. Esta revisión concentra la más reciente información en relación a esta modalidad terapéutica. Sólo se consideraron estudios de al menos un año de duración vs placebo y con mediciones estadiométricas periódicas: La Beclometasona a 400/mcg/día administrada tanto por vía nasal como oral, mostro una diferencia de talla de 1-1,5 cm vs controles. Budesonida (polvo seco), 400mcg/día administrada durante 4-6 años mostró una diferencia similar a la encontrada con beclometasona, persistiendo hasta los 21 años de edad (efecto más evidente en el sexo femenino). Fluticasona CFC en preescolares, a dosis de 100 mcgs BID y dos años de tratamiento (aerochamber), mostro idénticos resultados a los anteriores. No se detectó recuperación del crecimiento en niños menores de 2 años o de peso menor a 15 kg, al año de descontinuarse el tratamiento. Mometasona en polvo seco a 200 mcg/día vs placebo y por un año,en niños escolares,mostró similar diferencia a lo mencionado anteriormente para los otros esteroides Ciclesonida HFA,a 40 mcg y 160 mcg/día por un año, no mostró impacto alguno sobre el crecimiento vs placebo. La adherencia fué un elemento crucial en estos análisis. Los pediatras deberían considerar esta información en un contexto adecuado, intentando mantener las dosis en el mínimo indispensable para un adecuado control del asma bronquial.
Steroids are the antinflamatory treatment for asthma in children. Growth has been shown to be the most sensitive parameter to detect steroids' adverse effects. Recent information in relation to inhaled steroids and growth in children is reviewed; only year-long studies vs placebo, employing stadiometric measurements were considered, as follows:1. Beclomethasone , 400 mcg / day, when administered either orally or nasally impacts growth with a height difference vs placebo of 1-1,5 cm at the end of a year-long treatment .2. Budesonide dry powder ,400 mcg / day, during a 4-6 years treatment in school age children has shown the same height difference vs placebo as that for Beclomethasone; such difference persists until 21 years of age (more evident in females ).3. Fluticasone CFC, 100 mcg BID in preschool children over a 2-year treatment administered via aerochamber has shown the same difference as reported for other steroids above. No catch up growth was detected in patients under 2 years of age and weighting less than 15 kg after 1 year of withholding treatment.4. Momethasone dry - powder at 200 mcg / day has shown the same height difference as above.5. Ciclesonide HFA at doses of 40 mcg and 160 mcg / day over a year-long study has shown no impact on growth. Adherence was a crucial issue in this review; pediatricians should analyze this information in a proper context, aiming to the lowest dose possible for appropriate asthma control.
ABSTRACT
To compare the microscopic changes in zona fasciculata of adrenal gland of rats between control and chronic heat exposed groups. Experimental Study. This was conducted in IBMS, DUHS. Karachi from June 2010 to May 2011. Forty eight male wistar rats were selected for the study and divided into two groups A and B, each group consisted of 24 rats. Group A served as control and subdivided into three groups. Group B was taken as chronic heat exposed and subdivided into three groups on period of exposure [Bl, B2, B3]. All rats were acclimatized at temperature of 22 +/- 2°C for two weeks. Group B exposed to 35 +/- 2°C for 2 hour daily for 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks, and sacrificed on completion of respective period of heat exposure along with their respective control. After dissection the gross changes and weight of each adrenal gland was observed, gland was fixed in Bouin's fluid and embedded into paraffin wax. After tissue blocks made, 5microm thick sections were obtained; sections were stained with Haematoxyline and Eosin stain to observe the light microscopic changes. Statistical analysis was done by using the software SPSS version 16, t-test, Mann Whitney, ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis were applied for the comparison between the group variables. The changes in the total cortical thickness in chronic groups were shown by the P-value < 0.0001. Thickness of zona fasiculata and changes between all chronic and their control groups showed the P-value = < 0.0001; The other significant changes were also observed on microscopic micrometry. The significant increase in the total thickness of cortex and zona fasciculata of the gland was seen, as increased seceretory vesicles were observed after chronic exposure to heat stress. After the completion of this study, it is suggested that more investigations should be carried out to see the genetic influences and the depth of the whole process